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托德·贝克尔 19 Oct 2019 in未分类
我于 2019 年 8 月 10 日在圣地亚哥举行的祖先健康研讨会上发表了这个演讲。这完全是关于导致成瘾和肥胖的大脑过程,以及如何重新连接这些过程以重新获得控制。
点击图片在 YouTube 上查看:
下面是演讲的幻灯片摘要。
重新训练边缘大脑以克服肥胖和成瘾
在问答环节中,我回答了几个主题的问题,包括动机障碍、正念等补充方法、认知行为疗法 (CBT)、对运动的“积极”成瘾、生酮饮食的享乐挑战、积极强化与驱逐惩罚渴望、间歇性强化和唱歌训练。
如果您对本次演讲感兴趣,以下是此博客上相关帖子的链接:
https://gettingstronger.org/2019/10/retraining-the-limbic-brain-to-overcome-obesity-and-addiction/
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Edit:2021.11.28<markdown>
兴奋作用是一种生物学现象,通过暴露于低剂量的药剂而产生有益效果(改善健康、压力耐受性、生长或长寿),否则在高剂量给药时会产生毒性或致死性。本博客中提倡的Hormetism哲学 是基于以有意识和系统的方式利用这种生物现象来增加力量和恢复力。
下图说明了兴奋剂化合物如何表现出特征性的双相或“倒 U”剂量反应曲线,而不是线性或至少连续降低但仍保持抑制作用的抑制作用,因为剂量变得更稀薄。线性剂量反应,即所谓的 LNT 或“线性无阈值”模型在传统毒理学中被假设。但事实证明,在大多数情况下,hormesis 是比 LNT 更好的模型。仔细观察该图:在低剂量下,“有毒”或抑制剂的反应实际上对生物体变得刺激或有益。这真的是 - 高剂量有害的东西在低剂量下对你有好处吗?令人惊讶的是,答案是肯定的,而且不仅在个别情况下,而且在广泛的化学品、能源、和其他压力因素。让我们来看看证据。
兴奋剂剂量反应。
化学品。在 1943 年C. Southam 和 J. Ehrlich 的一期Phytopathology 中首次报道了兴奋作用 ,他们描述了一种橡树皮化合物,该化合物在低剂量下促进真菌生长,但在高剂量下强烈抑制真菌生长。该术语源自希腊语“hormo”,意思是激发或刺激。兴奋剂不应与顺势疗法混淆,顺势疗法声称使用如此极端的稀释水平来治疗疾病,甚至可能不存在一个分子的物质,同时假定不存在的顺势疗法物质会留下“记忆痕迹”,以某种方式触发积极的反应在生物体中。相比之下,兴奋剂已得到广泛的经验证实。
自从 Southam 和 Erlich 的论文以来,已经记录了数以千计的其他表现出兴奋作用的化合物的例子。其中一些是我们饮食中公认的成分——包括微量金属、酒精和咖啡因——被认为在低剂量时必不可少或有益健康,但在高剂量时有害或有毒。Edward Calabrese 是马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校公共卫生与健康科学学院的毒理学家,他在记录多种化学物质(活性氧、促氧化剂、拮抗剂、诱变剂)的刺激作用方面所做的工作可能比任何人都多。 ) 广泛存在于微生物、植物和动物中。
辐射。超越化学刺激,我们进入更具争议的水域。虽然早就知道高或中等水平的电离或核辐射具有破坏性或致命性,但许多人会惊讶地发现,暴露于低水平的辐射——例如在高海拔地区看到的背景辐射水平——实际上可能有益效果。然而,这正是越来越多的证据所显示的。这包括记录降低 (a) 处理低水平放射性材料的工业工人的癌症和死亡率的研究;(b) 科罗拉多等高海拔地区的居民;© 暴露于较高水平的天然氡气的人;(d) 原子弹爆炸的幸存者 a 住在直接爆炸区域之外。
阳光。暴露于低或中等剂量的其他低能量辐射形式,包括伽马射线和紫外线辐射,与健康益处有关。紫外线辐射与皮肤癌之间的有据可查的联系导致社会普遍倾向于避免无保护的晒黑,并在前往海滩或滑雪场时涂抹防晒霜。然而,有强烈的迹象表明,低剂量或中等剂量的阳光照射有几个好处。众所周知,阳光是在体内生成天然维生素 D 的最有效方式之一;鲜为人知的是,正如 2005 年 2 月 2 日出版的《国家癌症研究所杂志》所报道的那样,阳光实际上可以降低癌症的发病率 。
二恶英。研究甚至表明,最臭名昭著的环境毒素之一,二恶英,在非常低的剂量下是有益的。二恶英与越南时代的落叶剂橙剂有关,是一种已知的致癌物质。在住宅区发现的二恶英污染导致纽约拉夫运河和密苏里州时代海滩的整个社区多次疏散。根据美国环保署的说法,二恶英没有“安全”水平。然而,在大鼠中,低剂量的二恶英已被证明可以大大降低肿瘤的发生率。国家职业安全与健康研究所数据分析 令人惊讶的是,工厂工人暴露于低浓度或中等浓度的二恶英后,多种癌症的发病率有所降低。关于二恶英如何与 DNA 结合的分子研究表明,它可以诱导和抑制致癌作用,具体取决于所涉及的剂量和组织类型。因此,这个故事似乎并不像 EPA 所希望的那样简明扼要。
其他压力。除了化学物质和辐射之外,其他生物应激也已被证明具有激素效应。其中一些更有趣的刺激压力包括:热量限制、低温、热休克和超重力。
通用机制?是否有一个共同的线索来解释如此多样化的生物损伤——化学物质、辐射、温度、重力和卡路里限制——如何能增强生物体,并解释为什么这种现象会发生在微生物、植物和动物的世界中?激素效应似乎还涉及几个看似独立的生理系统,包括内分泌和免疫系统、组织修复和生长机制以及神经可塑性。
体内平衡。这些系统的共同点是,它们都是适应性的“稳态”系统,可帮助机体在受到外部压力源“扰动”后恢复最佳功能。一百多年前,生理学家克劳德·伯纳德 (Claude Bernard) 首次阐明了体内平衡的原理,此后它在广泛的生物系统中得到了很好的记录。然而,兴奋剂的显着之处在于,对如此多不同的压力源可能会发生类似的适应,并且这种适应可能是显着的,并且在许多情况下是永久性的或持久的。虽然有据可查,但我们才刚刚开始了解兴奋作用的常见机制。
抗压基因。马萨诸塞大学的研究人员提出,激素应激通过激活“抗应激”基因调控网络引起细胞适应起作用。在他们的文章 “Hormesis 和自适应细胞控制系统”中在《剂量-反应》杂志上,梅尔文·安德森 (Melvin Anderson) 和其他人提出的证据表明,激素应激源首先由分子传感器检测到,分子传感器激活“转录因子”并上调一系列抗应激基因网络的表达。这些基因反过来激活一系列“稳态途径”,即保护细胞免受压力环境影响的适应性反应。一个例子是激活从细菌到哺乳动物的细胞表达的所谓“热休克蛋白”,作为对热应激的适应性反应,使细胞能够抵抗细胞蛋白的热变性。这些代谢适应保护细胞或器官免受毒性,但需要生物体显着增加能量消耗。根据接触的浓度和持续时间,细胞可以从正常功能状态转变为轻度至中度暴露的适应性和压力状态,或者最终在压力源过多的情况下转变为明显的毒性状态。如果这个模型是正确的,细胞状态的准确分类可以直接用于各种生物应激的风险评估。
免疫疗法。可以说免疫系统是一种激素系统,其中压力源是一种抗原。响应抗原暴露的免疫细胞增殖代表了激素适应。正如 Calabresi 的一篇评论中所述,与其他兴奋现象一样,抗原的剂量至关重要。( “免疫学中的激素剂量反应关系”)。这种理解构成了疫苗接种原则的基础,从而提高了对外来病原体(例如传染性病毒病原体)的耐受性。越来越明显和令人兴奋的是,免疫“耐受”的原则可以扩展到传染源以外的压力源,以解决自身免疫性疾病、过敏和哮喘等疾病。 过敏原免疫疗法通过引入非常低剂量的过敏原并逐渐增加剂量以建立耐受性来起作用。美国过敏、哮喘和免疫学学会 (ACAAI) 免疫治疗和诊断委员会主席 Linda Cox 博士表示,德国和美国的研究表明,与传统抗过敏药物相比,过敏原免疫治疗的成本效益显着提高。治疗过敏性鼻炎和哮喘。我在我关于过敏和兴奋的文章中发表了关于过敏原免疫疗法的科学基础的更全面的讨论。
渐进性激素。在文献中,有一个隐含的假设,即有益范围和有害范围之间的阈值剂量是固定的。因此,关于兴奋作用的研究试图表征 所研究的每种特定化合物相对于一类生物的*阈值剂量。阈值剂量被假定为恒定的——不仅对于群体而且对于个体。但它可能因人群中的个体而异。如果它实际上不是静态阈值,而是动态阈值呢?在那种情况下,个人可以接受培训以适应越来越高水平的压力源吗? 当然,这已经在上述一个案例中得到明确承认,过敏原免疫疗法,其中耐受性是由逐渐增加过敏原剂量引起的。渐进性兴奋的另一个公认的例子是重量训练。只要一个人不过度训练,通常可以通过逐渐增加举重的大小来显着增加肌肉力量,允许有足够的休息间隔以允许足够的组织修复和肌肉组织的生长。 Hormetism提出的论点是,渐进性兴奋是一种普遍现象,几乎适用于任何压力源。遵循本网站第一页中概述的强度、约束、振荡和渐进原则,应该可以提高对广泛的、几乎无限范围的挑战和压力源的力量和容忍度。探索这种强化方法的不同应用将会很有趣。 https://gettingstronger.org/hormesis/ </markdown> Edit:2021.11.28<markdown> so I'd like to talk to you today about a 所以我今天想和你谈谈 small piece of a very big puzzle which 一个非常大的谜题的一小 is obesity and addiction and I think 部分 肥胖和成瘾 我 that by understanding how your limbic 认为通过了解你的边缘 brain works that's your your paleo brain 大脑是你的古大脑 your paleo mammalian brain you can 你的古哺乳动物大脑 你 actually retrain the brain to 实际上可以重新训练大脑 effectively combat some of the things 有效地打击一些 that undermine attempts to overcome 破坏克服 obesity and addiction so as Tyler 肥胖和成瘾尝试的事情,所以正如泰勒 mentioned I write the blog getting 提到的,我写的博客越来越 stronger I'm applying the concept of 强大,我正在应用 hormesis or low-dose stress beneficial 兴奋剂或低剂量压力有益 stress to deal with a whole range of 压力的概念来处理各种 different health issues so you know I've 不同的健康问题 所以你知道我已经 talked about myopia reduction and the 谈到了近视减少和 benefits of living at high altitude some 生活在高海拔地区的好处 一些 of the issues with nutritional 营养补充剂的问题, supplements and just generally about 以及一般关于 hormesis and a disclaimer I'm not an 兴奋剂和免责声明 我不是 expert on addiction I you know I don't 成瘾专家 我你知道我不 counsel addiction patients all right 建议成瘾 病人 好吧 former addicts I'm not an expert on 以前的瘾君子 我不是肥胖专家, obesity other than having some good 除了自己有一些 experience with losing weight myself you 减肥的好经验 你 know that's not my field I I'm really 知道这不是我的领域 我真的很 looking at the research and seeing what 喜欢 参与研究,看看 it can can tell us so as a caveat you'll 它可以告诉我们什么,所以作为警告,你会 see some interesting ideas that may be 看到一些有趣的想法,这些想法 controversial here but consult with your 在这里可能会引起争议,但 own professional before trying to do 在尝试做任何极端的事情之前请咨询你自己的专业人士, anything extreme so here's the three key 所以这是我想要的三个关键 questions I'd like to talk about today 问题 今天 first of all these epidemics that we're 首先谈谈我们所 seeing of obesity and addiction you know 看到的关于肥胖和成瘾的流行病 你知道 are they the inevitable result of the 它们 supernormal stimuli that we see around 是我们在我们周围看到的超常刺激的必然结果 us you know tasty food stronger drugs or 你知道美味的食物 强效的药物 还是 is something else going on and then what 其他正在发生的事情 然后是什么 are the psychological and brain processes that drive our cravings for 推动我们对 food drugs and addictive behavior and 食物毒品和成瘾行为的渴望的心理和大脑过程,以及 how can we actually retrain our brains once we understand that to make us less 一旦我们了解了这一点,我们如何才能真正重新训练我们的大脑,使我们不太 susceptible to those cravings which 容易受到那些 often undermine diets and attempts to 经常破坏饮食和试图 overcome addictions so I think we can't 克服成瘾的渴望,所以我认为我们可以” deny these are huge issues 不可否认,这些都是大问题, more than a third of Americans are now 超过三分之一的美国人现在 clinically obese and you can see that 临床上肥胖,您可以看到,在 regionally this is a big problem 地区范围内,这是一个大问题, particularly in the in the southwest and 尤其是在 t 他是西南和 Midwest but it's even elsewhere in the 中西部,但它甚至在该国的其他地方, country and the CDC is tracking even you 即使您知道成瘾,CDC 也在追踪 know addiction a similar wave of 类似的流行病浪潮, epidemics going on particularly the 特别是 opioid epidemic which we hear in the 我们每天在新闻中听到的阿片类药物流行病, news every day but not just synthetic 但不仅仅是合成 opioids you know heroin other drugs that 阿片类药物,您知道海洛因其他药物 are opioids are having very strong 阿片类药物是否具有非常强烈的 negative effects and even a lot of 负面影响,甚至大量 overdosing so it's a serious issue but 过量服用,所以这是一个严重的问题, it's not just food and and chemicals 但不仅仅是食物和化学 that lead to addictions right it's 物质导致成瘾,它的 activities it's gambling smartphones 活动它赌博智能手机 even now shopping is an addiction 即使现在购物也是一种 apparently social media choreography the 上瘾社交媒体编舞 internet and so it's got to be more than 互联网和 所以它肯定 just chemicals that are driving 不仅仅是导致成瘾的化学物质,如果 addictions what is it if you look at both you put addiction and obesity side 你把成瘾和肥胖放在一起看是什么 by side they're multifactorial and I'm ,它们是多因素的, not possibly going to be able to talk 我不可能 about all of the causal inputs to these 谈论所有的因果关系 对这 two issues I mean if you look at obesity 两个问题的投入 我的意思是如果你看看 there's dietary factors inflammation the 肥胖症 饮食因素 炎症 microbiome we've been hearing about 微生物组 我们听说过 exercise addiction there's a lot of 运动成瘾者 developmental issues with the stage at 在你开始吸毒的阶段有很多发育问题 which you start using drugs your risk 你的风险 profile your mindset but then there's 状况 你的心态 但是 some common elements to both the genetics depression anxiety your social 遗传抑郁焦虑和社会 status stress these all contribute to 地位压力这些都有一些共同的因素 这些都会导致 both problems but what I like to do 这两个问题 但我今天喜欢做什么 today is just pick out one factor in 只是 this entire causal network cravings 在整个因果网络渴望中挑出一个因素 why because you can have the best diet 为什么因为你可以拥有世界上最好的 in the world or a very good you know 饮食或一个非常好的你知道的 addiction coach who's going to help you 成瘾教练会帮助 with treatment and if you have cravings 你治疗如果你 that are irresistible all bets are off 有不可抗拒的渴望所有赌注都没有 so how can we deal with cravings let's 那么我们如何处理渴望让我们 go back to this question of supernormal 回到超常刺激这个问题 stimuli I can recommend two good books one by 我可以推荐两本好书 一本 Deirdre Barrett from Harvard on you know 是哈佛的迪尔德丽·巴雷特 (Deirdre Barrett) 关于超常刺激 the sort of classical biological 的经典生物学 evolutionary reasons for supernormal 进化原因 stimuli you know 你 the key the classic concept here comes 知道关键 经典概念来了 from Tinbergen who studied how cuckoos 来自 Tinbergen,他研究了布谷鸟如何 can trick other birds to watch the eggs and their nests by laying very similar 通过更频繁地产下非常相似的方式来欺骗其他鸟类观察它们的蛋和它们的巢穴 often more attractive eggs in here you 在这里,您 can probably guess which of the blue 可能会猜出 eggs the cuckoo snuck into the nest it's the 布谷鸟偷偷溜进巢中的蓝色鸡蛋中的哪个 one in the upper right and then Stefan 是右上角 Glen a who's familiar to all of us here 的那个,然后是我们在 AHS 的所有人都熟悉的 Stefan Glen at AHS has written a an outstanding book 写了一本出色的 the hungry brain where he goes into the 书饥饿的大脑在哪里 他进入 brain processes but not just the brain 大脑过程,但不仅仅是大脑 processes the social phenomena that lead 处理社会现象,这些社会现象 to these supernormal stimuli targeting 导致这些针对 different reward circuitry and you can 不同奖励回路的超常刺激,你可以 see here that now just like the cuckoo 在这里看到,现在就像布谷鸟 makes a brighter egg we make bright 制造更亮的蛋一样,我们制造出 shiny donuts that trick us into eating 闪亮的甜甜圈,诱使我们进食 more calories but is this an inevitable 更多的卡路里,但这是否是 process to food and drugs really just 食物和药物不可避免的过程真的只是 hijack our brains or is it something a 劫持了我们的大脑,或者它是否 little bit more subtle is it a 有点微妙,它是一种 behavioral conditioning process I mean 行为调节过程我的意思是 only a small percentage of people who 只有一小部分人 consume alcohol or stimulants or even 消费酒精或兴奋剂甚至 opioids for example in hospitals for 阿片类药物 在医院 brief stays only a small percentage 短暂停留 只有一小部分 actually turn into addicts and eating 实际上会变成瘾君子 吃 tasty food by itself doesn't 美味的食物本身并不会 automatically lead to a food addiction 自动导致食物 成瘾 or overeating I mean obviously genetics 或暴饮暴食 我的意思显然是遗传 and your social environment and stress 和你的社会环境和压力 play a large role all right so it's not 起着很大的作用,所以这 just the the chemistry itself 不仅仅是化学本身 and I think a key point here stimuli are ,我认为这里的一个关键点刺激 not inherently addictive in fact the 并不是天生上瘾的,事实上, desire for even Coca Cola varies 对可口可乐的渴望也在 globally and seth roberts who some of 全球范围内变化 你们中有些人熟悉的赛斯·罗伯茨 (seth roberts) you are familiar with he cites the case 引用 of this japanese cookbook author Kaku 了这位日本食谱作者 Kaku Homa 的案例, Homa who first described his first taste of 他首先将他第一次尝到的 coca-cola as like medicine so we we have 可口可乐描述为像药一样,所以我们 to learn flavours we have to learn 必须学习口味,我们必须学习 pleasures so let's suppose you're in 快乐,所以让我们假设你 在 this world and you're overwhelmed with 这个世界上,你被 supernormal stimuli and you're you're 超常的刺激所淹没,你会 finding yourself to have an addiction or 发现自己对上瘾 a craving should you just abstain well 或渴望,如果你很好地戒酒, you know this might work and and 12-step 你知道这可能有效,而且 12 步 programs can be effective for some 程序对某些人可能有效 individuals right 对, you basically once an alcoholic always 你基本上曾经是个酒鬼, now call right stay away from the stuff 现在总是打电话远离这些东西 and similarly there's 12-step programs ,同样有 12 步计划, for smoking and sex and pornography and 用于吸烟、性、色情和 kleptomania gambling and even 盗窃癖赌博 甚至 workaholism but it's not successful for 工作狂,但它并不是对 everyone I mean even AAA finds that 每个人都成功 我的意思是即使是 AAA 也发现, after ten years only a third of their 十年后 from their own internal surveys remain ,他们自己内部调查中只有三分之一的人保持 sober and some don't even another third 清醒,有些人甚至没有三分之一 can't even make it for a year there's a 甚至无法坚持 high dropout rate and independent 一年 辍学率和 studies of the you know these kind of 对你知道的这些 abstinence processes showed that the 戒酒过程的独立研究表明, true sex long-term success might be 真正的性行为长期成功可能 something on the order of five to ten 是百分之五到十 percent so I'm not trying to diss these 左右,所以我不是要贬低这些 programs someone's just saying it may 计划,有人只是说它可能 not be enough and also on the food side 不会 够了,而且在食物方面 can we just eat less palatable food ,我们能不能少吃些可口的食物 I mean Stephan on his on his blog was 我的意思是斯蒂芬在他的博客上 talking about how you know some some of 谈论你是如何知道 our ancestral tribes ate far less 我们的一些祖先部落吃的食物要少得多 palatable food and so they weren't ,所以他们并没有 driven to eat all these calories so he 被迫吃掉所有的食物 这些卡路里, came up with this I did the bland food 所以他想出了 cookbook and you know one of the recipes might be a baked potato but if if you look more closely I mean Stefan is not he's got a sense of humor and he wrote this post on April 1st but he was trying 这个 4 月 1 日,但他 to get a certain point across here all 试图在这里得到某个点, right so what's the other model then of 那么其他成瘾模型是什么, addiction um I'm gonna dig into two 嗯,我要深入研究两 books recent books both by former 本书,这两本书都是前 addicts so even I can't speak from the 成瘾者的书,所以即使我也无法从 experience of addiction here's two 成瘾的经历中说话 这里有两个 people who I think have some authority 我认为有一定权威的人 and my salivates has written this great ,我的唾液写了这本伟大的 book unbroken brain she was a an addict 书 完整的大脑 她是一个瘾君子 she tried just about every drug in the 她尝试了书中的几乎所有药物 book and worked her way out of it and 并努力摆脱它, her view is that drugs are not 她的观点是药物本身不会 inherently addictive they only become 上瘾 只有 that way if people learn over time to 当人们随着时间的推移学会 associate them with pleasure or relief 将它们与快乐或解脱联系起来时,它们才会变成那样, so he she's postulating that we should 所以她假设我们应该 think of addiction as a learning 将成瘾视为一种学习 disorder and she writes a lot now on 障碍,她现在写了很多关于 addiction she's got this New York Times 成瘾的文章 她有纽约时报的 bestseller and speaks a lot 畅销书并且说了很多 so let's look then at what are the 那么让我们看看 processes that are going on here well 这里发生的过程是什么 addictive frame processes are are coded 令人上瘾的框架过程是 in our 在我们的 paleo mammalian brain and there's really 古哺乳动物大脑中编码的, two parts I'll focus on here and reflect 我将在这里重点关注和反映两个部分 on here one is the limbic system which 在这里是边缘系统, we'll get into it's the hypothalamus the 我们将进入它 下丘脑 amygdala the hippocampus and maybe its 杏仁核 海马体 可能还有 other pieces and then there's some 其他部分 然后 reward circuits in the basal ganglia the 在基底神经节中有一些奖励回路 ventral striatum the VTA and the nucleus 腹侧纹状体 VTA 和 accumbens this is kind of the pleasure 伏隔核 这是一种乐趣 center and these work together to 中心和这些一起工作以 reinforce our reactions to stimuli and 加强我们对刺激的反应, even lead to they can explain a lot 甚至导致它们可以解释很多 about addiction so I think it's most 关于成瘾的问题,所以我认为 useful to separate to look at two 分开看成瘾中 separate kinds of processes involved in 涉及的两种不同的过程是最有用的 addiction one is a very general process 一种是非常普遍的过程, a hedonic process that modulates 一种享乐过程 调节 homeostatic lee your just general level 体内平衡 lee 你只是 of pleasure in life and I'll get into 生活中的一般快乐水平,我将 the opponent-process theory and this 进入对手过程理论和 concept of ala stasis and these how ala stasis 的概念,以及 these modulate the hypothalamus and your 这些如何通过下调成瘾中的下丘脑和受体来调节下丘脑和 receptors by down-regulating them in 受体, addiction the other is a set of very 另一个是 一组非常 specific reinforcement processes and 具体的强化过程, here the model is Pavlovian or classical 这里的模型是巴甫洛夫或经典 conditioning and this is where your 条件反射,这是你的 amygdala and some of these dopamine 杏仁核和其中一些 based reward circuits play in so let's 基于多巴胺的奖励回路发挥作用 所以让我们 start with the general process for 从 homeostatic control of pleasure and pain 快乐和痛苦的稳态控制的一般过程开始 great set of papers by by Solomon and 所罗门和 his graduate student Corbett who looked 他的研究生 Corbett 撰写的大量论文 他们研究 at these paradoxes they were trying to 了这些悖论 他们试图 explain what they called hedonic 解释他们所谓的享乐 reversal and one in one case how is it 逆转 一个案例 that you started out taking something ,你是怎么开始吃 that's very pleasurable you know drug 一些非常令人愉快的东西的,你知道药物 alcohol sex food but over time it 酒精性食物,但随着时间的推移它 becomes less satisfactory and you even 变得不那么令人满意,你甚至 start to fall into a state of despair 开始陷入绝望 and depression and life is just not fun 和抑郁的状态,生活不再有趣 anymore and on the other hand how is it 了 另一方面 that people who expose themselves to ,那些让自己暴露在 stressful pleasures like skydiving or 诸如跳伞、 firefighting or marathon running or my 消防或马拉松赛跑或我 favorite cold showers how is it that 最喜欢的冷水澡之类的有压力的快乐中的人是怎么回事, even though they after they make it 即使他们在 through that experience they actually 经历了那些经历之后,他们实际上也 experience pleasure so here's a classic 体验到了快乐,所以这是一个经典的 case study that Solomon and in Corbett 案例研究 Solomon 和 Corbett we're looking at skydivers and I'll just 我们正在研究跳伞运动员 我只会给 read you the physiology of this because 你读一下这个生理学 因为 you kind of get the idea of this hedonic 你善良 了解这种享乐的 reverse 反向 process so during the first freefall a 过程,因此在第一次自由落体期间, novice Gina parachuter before it opens 新手 Gina 跳伞者在打开之前 the parachutist may experience terror 可能会感到恐惧 they may yell their pupils are dilated 他们可能会大喊大叫 他们的瞳孔扩大 their eyes are bulging their bodies are 他们的眼睛凸出 他们的身体 curled forward and stiff heart is racing 向前卷曲 并且在着陆后僵硬的心脏 after they land safely they may walk 在跳动 安全地,他们可能会 around with a stunned expression for a 带着震惊的表情四处走动 few minutes and then they smile and 几分钟,然后他们会微笑和 chatter and they're socially active and 喋喋不休,他们在社交方面很活跃, they appear to be elated now here's the 现在他们似乎很高兴,这是 key after repeating this multiple times 重复多次后的关键 the signs of effective habituation are 有效习惯的迹象很 clear the fearful reaction is usually 明显 恐惧的反应 通常 undetectable or very short the parrot 无法检测到或非常矮 the parachutists look tense and during 鹦鹉 跳伞者看起来很紧张,在自由落体过程中 the freefall they experience a thrill ,他们体验到 the activity level is high with leaping 刺激 活动水平很高,跳跃 and shouting and euphoria and the period 、喊叫和欣快感,并且这段时间 extends to as much as two to three hours 延长至两到三个小时, so you can see the processes changed so 因此您可以看到过程发生了变化 所以 here's the model and this works for both 这是模型,当你看到快乐变成痛苦和天空时,这对两种 addiction when you're looking at the 成瘾都有效 pleasure turning into pain and skydiving when you're looking at pain turning into 当你看到痛苦变成 pleasure so take a look at these plots 快乐的时候,所以看看 here and you'll see what's called the 这里的这些图,你会看到所谓的 neutral line that's the zero going 中性线,它是 through through these plots that's where 通过这些图的零,这是 you start out you you first expose 你开始的地方,你首先暴露 yourself let's now take to a drug 自己,现在让我们看看 对毒品 alcohol cocaine whatever you get this 酒精可卡因 无论你得到这种 positive state with called the a process 积极的状态 被称为一个 where it's Pleasant now here's the key 过程 令人愉快 现在这里是关键 here your your brain doesn't want too 你的大脑不想要 much pleasure or too much pain so it 太多的快乐或太多的痛苦 所以它 immediately kicks in an a counter 立即启动一个反 process an inhibitory process to kind of 过程 一个抑制过程 有点 keep you within a range too much 让你在一个范围内太多的 pleasure not good so we'll now start 快乐不好所以我们现在开始 adding a little bit of down regulation 添加一些 of those receptors and now that initial 对这些受体的下调,现在初始的 hi starts to flatten out and you can see hi 开始变平,你可以 in that first plot on the left 在左边的第一个图中 that's the adaptation now the experience 看到 现在的适应 is over you actually go into a somewhat 体验结束了 你实际上进入了 of a down where you're you're feeling 一些低谷 你感觉 less happy than you were to start with 不如开始时那么快乐 and it takes a while to recover if you 如果你看一下情节需要一段时间才能恢复 look at the plot on the right side this 右侧这 is after many many repetitions you can 是经过多次重复后,您可以 see that pleasurable state is getting 看到愉悦的状态越来越 weaker you take the drug or whatever and 弱,您服用药物或其他任何东西, it's just not as pleasurable it's the 它不像 first time so you have to increase the 第一次那么愉悦,所以您必须增加 dose and the problem is now you after 剂量,问题是现在您之后 that you've used the drug your deep 已经使用了药物,你的深层 processes is now 过程现在 strengthen because it's trying to combat 得到加强,因为它试图 the a process and you feel lousy and 对抗过程,你会感觉很糟糕, even for longer periods of time so it's 甚至更长的时间,所以正是 this process with repetition that gets 这个重复的过程让 you into the addictive cycle and I think 你进入上瘾循环,我认为 also can get you out of it if you 也可以让你 如果你 replace the initial painful or a 用痛苦或不舒服的过程代替最初的痛苦或 pleasurable process with a painful or 愉快的 uncomfortable process so how does this 过程 那么这在大脑中是如何 work in the brain it's again in the 工作的 它又 hypothalamus the hypothalamus I have 在下丘脑 下丘脑 我在 here you can see a set of little dials 这里你可以看到一组小表盘 it basically keeps track of your you 它基本上跟踪 你 know where you are in terms of too much 知道你在哪里 or too little your body temperature your 体温过高或过低 你的 heart rate your appetite your thirst 心率 你的食欲 你的口渴 mood sleep wet weight cycle sex drive 情绪 睡眠 湿重循环 性欲 and even for certain periods of time it ,甚至是某些 它在一段时间内 regulates childbirth but it's blind to 调节分娩,但它对世界视而不见 the world it just gets input from you know 它只是从你那里得到输入 它知道 external signals from hormones and 来自激素和 neurotransmitters it tells it tells it 神经递质的外部信号 它告诉它 you know turn up the heat turn down the 你知道打开 heat in the case of appetite one part of 热量 在有食欲的情况下降低热量 the hypothalamus the lipeh stat is 下丘脑的一部分 lipeh stat composed of two sets of counter 由两组反 regulatory receptors the lateral 调节受体组成 hypothalamus has some neurons in it that 下丘脑外侧有一些神经元, worked to increase appetite and slow fat 在受到刺激时可以增加食欲和减缓脂肪 burning when stimulated and in the green 燃烧,而在绿色中 the ventromedial hypothalamus does the ,腹内侧下丘脑则 opposite that suppresses appetite and it 相反,抑制食欲, burns fat and it's basically just taking 燃烧脂肪,它是 基本上只是接收 signals turning it up turning it down 信号把它调低 and this applies to all those other ,这适用于所有其他 drives so Judith grisel another great 驱动器,所以朱迪思·格里瑟尔另一 book and I recommend this called never 本好书,我推荐这本书叫做永远 enough again a former addict and took 不再是一个前瘾君子,并接受了 her experience and she actually tried to 她的经验,她实际上试图 hack her addictions and studied 破解她的瘾并研究 neurobiology and actually now is a 神经生物学 实际上现在是 professor of psychology at Bucknell and 巴克内尔大学的心理学教授 an expert on addiction and she kind of 和成瘾专家,她和蔼可亲 actually looked use this 实际上看起来使用这个 opponent-process model to look at the a 对手过程模型来查看 and B processes for different classes of 不同类别药物的a和B过程 drugs for so for stimulants the 对于兴奋剂 stimulate the dopamine receptors these 刺激多巴胺受体这些 are you know mild stimulants caffeine 是你知道的温和兴奋剂咖啡因 and nicotine but this could be as strong 和尼古丁但这可能 as cocaine and amphetamine and you get 与可卡因和安非他明一样强 你得到 this desire an energy level it's called 这个欲望的能量水平 它被称为 wanting process right and and but the B 想要过程正确 但是 process kicks in when that disappears 当它消失时 B 过程 that's where craving anxiety and boredom 开始 渴望焦虑和无聊 and tiredness 和疲倦 chicken opioids depressants it's kind of 鸡阿片类药物抑制剂 这是 a different process it's you go 一种不同的过程 你 immediately to this liking process by 立即进入这个喜欢的过程 stimulating the different opioid 在一定程度上刺激不同的阿片 receptors and serotonin to some extent 受体和血清素 and gaba and glutamate and ion channels 以及 gaba、谷氨酸和离子通道, but then when that a process the liking 但是当那个过程结束时,喜欢 process is over the B process kicks in 过程就会开始 and you feel irritable you feel actually ,你会感到烦躁,你实际上会感到 pain or suffering and anxiety and 疼痛或痛苦、焦虑和 malaise and so you're driven to do 不适,所以你 被驱使做 something about it 一些事情, so Kent barrage and Robin Robinson and 所以肯特弹幕和罗宾罗宾逊, also kuben and Nora Volkow who've 还有库本和诺拉沃尔科 我 written a lot on an addiction to put 写了很多关于成瘾的东西,把 this into this model kind of the 它放到这个 incentive salience model of addiction 模型中 成瘾的激励显着模型 and if you start over here on the very 如果你从最底层重新开始 bottom the anticipation you know you're 期待你知道你正在 looking for something you're excited you 寻找的东西 你很兴奋 you're this is called the pleasure of 你就是这个 被称为狩猎的乐趣, the hunt you're hunting for something 你在这里寻找一些 here and and you there's a certain 东西,你有一种 pleasure associated with that so now 与之相关的乐趣,所以现在 you've been you drink a lot you smoke a 你喝了很多酒,抽了很多烟, lot whatever it is you engage in some 不管是什么你从事一些 activity and now you're in the liking 活动,现在你” 回到喜欢 phase everything is good the world is 阶段 一切都很好 世界 fine your opioids are stimulated this is 很好 你的阿片类药物受到刺激 这 the pleasures of the feast 是盛宴的乐趣 you know you've eaten a big meal you 你知道你吃过一顿大餐 know you you you you're feeling great 你知道你 你 酒后感觉很好 after the alcohol but then you go 但然后你 through this kind of withdrawal the B 经历了 这种 B process kicks in you're frustrated 过程开始的退出 你感到 there's less reward increased stress and 沮丧 奖励减少 压力增加 so this leads to the other renewal of 所以这导致了另一种 anticipation now you're out there 期待的更新 现在你在那里 looking for more pleasure and again you 寻找更多的快乐 又一次你 go through this multiple times and this 经历了多次这样 is really cool George Kubb extended this 真的很酷 George Kubb 扩展 opponent-process theory of Solomon and 了 Solomon 的这个对手过程理论,并 said you know you don't just always come 说你知道你不会总是 back to the same baseline every time you 在每次 exceed these homeostatic thresholds the 超过这些稳态阈值时回到相同的基线, a process gets too much and the B a 过程变得太多,而 B process comes down each time you do this 过程每次都会下降 你这样做, your baseline goes down and down and 你的基线越来越低 down and I love this diagram that shows ,我喜欢这张图表,它显示了 sort of the spiraling down into 一种螺旋式下降到 discontent and at the end of it the 不满的状态,最后 addicts they actually are taking the 成瘾者实际上正在服用 drug just to get rid of the just to get 药物只是为了摆脱只是为了得到 relief and they don't necessarily even 解脱和 他们甚至不一定 feel good and you know if you play with 感觉良好,你知道如果你经常玩 your smartphone a lot you start playing 你的智能手机,你就会开始玩, whether you play a gaming or like you 无论你是玩游戏还是你 know this is a waste of time 知道这是浪费时间, but you're driven to do it 但你被驱使去做 you've got this drive to do something 你有这个 开车去 and you don't even feel good in the 做某事,你甚至在 satisfaction phase so if you look at 满意阶段都感觉不舒服 所以如果你 this at the level of receptors you can 在感受器的层面上看,你也可以 see it too I have a just kind of 看到它 我有一个 hypothesis I call it the receptor 假设,我称之为感受器 control theory and that is the more and 控制理论,那就是 越来越 more more sensitive receptors you have 多 你拥有 of any kind the better off you are 的任何类型的受体越敏感,你就会越好 so we know this with for example insulin 所以我们知道这一点,例如胰岛素 and leptin receptors they're more 和瘦素受体 它们更 sensitive insulin sensitivity leptin 敏感 胰岛素敏感性 瘦素 sensitivity you can control your diet 敏感性 你可以控制你的饮食 but I think the same thing is true of 但我认为 dopamine and if you have if you look at 多巴胺也是如此 如果你有,如果你看看 the guy on the far left here who has 这里最左边的那个人,他 only a few receptors of whatever kind 只有少数几种受体, he's unhappy if you moved to the middle 如果你移动到右边的人中间,他会不高兴, to the right guy the one with a lot of 那个有很多 these receptors he's basically doesn't 这些受体的人,他基本上 need much of any stimulus and whatever 不需要太多 任何刺激和任何 stimulates his receptors whether they be 刺激他的受体的东西,无论是 dietarily or pleasure he's happy and so 饮食上的还是快乐的,他都很高兴,所以 I would say obesity and addiction can be 我想说肥胖和成瘾可以被 thought of as dopamine resistance you're 认为是多巴胺抵抗,你 just over stimulating these receptors 只是过度刺激 they shut down and now you need more and 它们关闭的这些受体,现在你需要更多, you can actually see this Nora Volkow 你可以 实际上看到这个 Nora Volkow has done PE T scans looking at the 已经做了 PE T 扫描,观察 brains of cocaine addicts meth addicts 可卡因成瘾者的大脑 冰毒成瘾者 alcohol addicts heroin addicts you can 酒精成瘾者 海洛因成瘾者 你可以 see versus the control this is looking 看到与控制相比,这是在 at the activity of the dopamine receptor 看活动 多巴胺受体 you know using a an imaging study on the PE T scan you can see that there's the 的含量 你知道使用对 PE T 扫描的成像研究 你可以看到 red is good right red means there's a 红色是好的 红色意味着有 lot of receptor activity you can see 很多受体活性 你可以 that the addicted equivalent for every 看到这里每个控制的成瘾等效物 every control here the red is missing 红色是 丢失 and similarly for obese subjects you can 和类似的对于肥胖受试者,您可以 see that the control subjects had a lot 看到对照受试者有 more red had more dopamine receptor 更多的红色具有比肥胖受试者更多的多巴胺受体 activity than the obese subjects it gets 活性 worse with time here's a study by 随着时间的推移它变得更糟这是一项目击者的研究 witness showing that after six months 表明在 and after 12 months the activation of 六个月后和 12 个月 the receptors is going down if you're 后 如果你 using cocaine and don't think it's just 使用可卡因并且不认为它只是 substances smartphones I mean the 物质 智能手机 我的意思是 average American is looking at their 美国人平均每天看他们的 smartphone for two to four hours a day 智能手机两到四个小时 you're 2600 touches all those dopamine 你有 2600 次接触所有这些多巴胺 cycles there's even something here 循环 这里甚至有一种 called phantom phone 叫做 幻听电话的 sensation I don't know if you've ever 感觉 我不知道你是否有过这样的 experienced this way you think you're 经历 你 feeling your phone vibrating in your 认为你的手机在你的 pocket you think you're hearing it ring 口袋里振动 你认为你听到它响了 but it's not your brain is just primed 但它是 不是你的大脑只是 there how do you reverse this 在那里准备好 你如何扭转这个 </markdown> Edit:2021.11.28 <markdown> </markdown> 讨论列表 AKP讨论 查看原帖及回帖